This involves the extraction of coal, minerals and other geological materials found in the sedimentary rocks. There are excavated in different underground mining parts with different places holding different types of minerals. They contain copper, nickel, silver, gold, tin, lead and iron. Shafts are used excavating the various ores using various methods.
Depend on the size, type, shape and orientation of the ore one is able to know the type of method to use in underground extraction. In the steep dip ore, cut and fill is the most appropriate method used. This method is limited to use of long holes that are in narrow zones. Drift and fill require full extraction of wider zones to ensure that the excavating is done intensively.
Excavation can be done in shallow mines or either in deep mines. Example is gold mining which is done in great depths. The depths exceed 3900m. Another mineral is uranium which is mined in hard rocks that are located in deep areas using deep excavating methods. In caves we find that the walls are completely filled with minerals. Bulk ores are in large amounts in deep depths and are located in open stopes that allow extensive excavation.
There deep methods used in mining of coal, boreholes are used to recover minerals from the ground surface. The excavating is done once the minerals are found in deep areas beyond economic depth such as open pits. Thin deposits require relatively high capital to remove the minerals in slopes. Open pit mining is one of the methods that are done by use of a shaft. The shaft is used to reach the ore-body.
Drifts are used to access ore and raise the minerals through some passage upwards . The passage are dug downwards to get the mines that are in the lowest level. Stopes are where the ore is mined through haulage, ventilation and pumping. Pillars are left in between stopes to allow excavation of unmined materials . Blocks, slices or panels require large scale excavating methods that allow the breaking of ores.
Exploration of bulk deposits help in sampling rock testing and drilling. Blind tunnel cuts across the deposit at the desirable depths . A large mine has inclined or declined portal that allow multipurpose entry of shafts. Strong ores allow use of relatively low cost methods while weak ores are costly since they require equipment such as rock bolting.
There are various phases used in underground extraction. There is exploration and feasibility phase, mine operations phase, construction and planning phase together with the closure phase. The activities involved include drilling, crushing, grinding, ore separation and concentrate dewatering. Rock piles are separated in stages while water is separated in stages to. The operation also include extraction and processing of the ore.
Acting as an elevator is the head shaft which is at the head of the mine. Sump sits is located in the bottom and has a variety of channels running horizontally from the head and then runs to various places of the ore-body. Ramps access ores in various levels . A crusher and a drafter is important in digging minerals located in parts which are lower areas.
Depend on the size, type, shape and orientation of the ore one is able to know the type of method to use in underground extraction. In the steep dip ore, cut and fill is the most appropriate method used. This method is limited to use of long holes that are in narrow zones. Drift and fill require full extraction of wider zones to ensure that the excavating is done intensively.
Excavation can be done in shallow mines or either in deep mines. Example is gold mining which is done in great depths. The depths exceed 3900m. Another mineral is uranium which is mined in hard rocks that are located in deep areas using deep excavating methods. In caves we find that the walls are completely filled with minerals. Bulk ores are in large amounts in deep depths and are located in open stopes that allow extensive excavation.
There deep methods used in mining of coal, boreholes are used to recover minerals from the ground surface. The excavating is done once the minerals are found in deep areas beyond economic depth such as open pits. Thin deposits require relatively high capital to remove the minerals in slopes. Open pit mining is one of the methods that are done by use of a shaft. The shaft is used to reach the ore-body.
Drifts are used to access ore and raise the minerals through some passage upwards . The passage are dug downwards to get the mines that are in the lowest level. Stopes are where the ore is mined through haulage, ventilation and pumping. Pillars are left in between stopes to allow excavation of unmined materials . Blocks, slices or panels require large scale excavating methods that allow the breaking of ores.
Exploration of bulk deposits help in sampling rock testing and drilling. Blind tunnel cuts across the deposit at the desirable depths . A large mine has inclined or declined portal that allow multipurpose entry of shafts. Strong ores allow use of relatively low cost methods while weak ores are costly since they require equipment such as rock bolting.
There are various phases used in underground extraction. There is exploration and feasibility phase, mine operations phase, construction and planning phase together with the closure phase. The activities involved include drilling, crushing, grinding, ore separation and concentrate dewatering. Rock piles are separated in stages while water is separated in stages to. The operation also include extraction and processing of the ore.
Acting as an elevator is the head shaft which is at the head of the mine. Sump sits is located in the bottom and has a variety of channels running horizontally from the head and then runs to various places of the ore-body. Ramps access ores in various levels . A crusher and a drafter is important in digging minerals located in parts which are lower areas.
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